Jack Weaver, an 82-year-old retired dairy farmer whose home sits on a Civil Warfare battlefield, lives close to Common Motors’ Spring Hill plant in Tennessee.
Michael Wayland / CNBC
SPRING HILL, Tenn. – Jack Weaver can level to a cannon on a Civil Warfare battlefield from the consolation of a shaded bench in his yard — a visual marker of his land’s wealthy previous. As he speaks about his small city, it is over the loud rumble of vehicles and vehicles on the intersection in entrance of his farmhouse purple dwelling.
The 82-year-old retired dairy farmer has lived in Spring Hill almost his whole life. He is watched the once-quiet city in center Tennessee develop right into a burgeoning Nashville suburb. The evolution of Spring Hill has come together with a inhabitants growth within the state in addition to the introduction of recent industries — particularly, auto corporations — which have poured billions of {dollars} in new investments into the state.
“It is good and it is unhealthy,” says Weaver, who complains about vehicles hitting his fence and the visitors Common Motors’ Spring Hill plant has introduced because it opened in 1990. “I am not in opposition to growth in any respect. I am not. I believe a person outta do what he desires along with his personal land.”
Detroit is the town that “put the world on wheels,” nevertheless it’s cities like Spring Hill and others in neighboring states which can be attracting probably the most investments from automakers lately, as manufacturing priorities shift to a battery-powered future with electrical autos.
Firms greater than ever need to construct EVs the place they promote them, as a result of the autos are far heavier and extra cumbersome to ship than conventional fashions with inside combustion engines. Additionally they need services for battery manufacturing to be shut by to keep away from provide chain and logistics issues.
Among the many first to put money into southern states was Ford Motor within the Fifties and Sixties in Kentucky, adopted by foreign-based, or transplant, automakers beginning with Nissan Motor, which established a plant in Smyrna, Tennessee, in 1983. Others reminiscent of Common Motors, Subaru, Toyota Motor and BMW adopted swimsuit via the Nineteen Nineties. Extra have adopted since then, together with latest bulletins by Hyundai Motor and Rivian Automotive to construct multibillion-dollar crops in Georgia.
As extra corporations look to the American South, the investments are altering the panorama of cities throughout the area and of the automotive business’s workforce, provide chain and logistics. Firms first to arrange store within the South earn early benefits over their northern opponents, and future newcomers, based on officers.
Auto executives say they’re investing within the South for a mixture of causes: decrease vitality prices, accessible workforce and livability amongst them. Many southern states additionally include different advantages, doubtlessly controversial, reminiscent of all-in decrease pay for staff, hundreds of thousands in tax breaks and a largely non-unionized workforce in lots of the Republican-controlled, right-to-work states.
However the shift brings distinctive challenges, too. Because the Motor Metropolis strikes and expands south, it has to grapple with preservation of historic plantation farms, unearthing of slave burial grounds and pushback from residents and native politicians who aren’t used to the visitors or industries.
Investments shifting
Automakers have introduced $45.9 billion of investments in southern states since 2017, based on The Heart for Automotive Analysis, a nonprofit suppose tank based mostly in Ann Arbor, Michigan. That is the primary 12 months the South outpaced the Midwest, or Nice Lakes area, for introduced investments since at the very least 2010.
Midwest states reminiscent of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana noticed $39.9 billion in introduced investments in that very same timeframe.
A lot of the cash heading south – $34.2 billion, or 74% – has are available in since final 12 months from conventional automakers reminiscent of GM, Hyundai and Ford Motor as well as EV startup Rivian. Others such as Volkswagen and Nissan continue to invest and expand their operations in the South, largely for new electric vehicles.
“We are basically undergoing the single biggest industrial transformation, I would say, not to understate it, in the history of America,” Scott Keogh, CEO at Volkswagen of America, told CNBC in June at the automaker’s new battery lab in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “It’s happening right now in this area.”
Scott Keogh of Volkswagen of America at the VW plant in Chattanooga, TN, June 8, 2022.
Michael Wayland | CNBC
Keogh singled out energy capacity and costs as the top priority for the company’s investments in Tennessee, including the potential for new assembly and battery facilities that the company is “actively” scouting locations for. He and other executives have also cited incentives, tax support, labor and workforce training as other key elements.
Ford CEO Jim Farley put a similar emphasis on the cost and availability of energy in September, announcing an $11.4 billion investment in new vehicle and battery plants in Tennessee and Kentucky.
“We want to work with states who are really excited about doing that training and giving you access to that low energy cost,” Farley told the Associated Press then.
Tennessee has among the lowest electricity prices in the country, according to the most recent data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The state’s common industrial value of electrical energy per kilowatt-hour was 6.31 cents as of Could. Michigan’s industrial vitality value was 8.72 cents per kilowatt-hour, and the nationwide common was 8.35 cents.
Mississippi and South Carolina have been beneath 7 cents, whereas Georgia was 9.05 cents – among the many highest in space, based on the U.S. Power Data Administration.
Whereas these value variations appear minimal, they add up shortly. Ford’s new battery crops could have an annual capability for 43 megawatt-hours of manufacturing. There are 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electrical energy in a megawatt-hour, that means tens of 1000’s of {dollars} in financial savings per 12 months.
The enlargement south is anticipated to proceed for years to come back, based on AlixPartners. The worldwide consulting agency expects investments from automakers and suppliers in southern states reminiscent of Alabama, Georgia and Kentucky to complete $58 billion for electrical autos between 2022 and 2026. That is almost 4 occasions the $15 billion that is anticipated in Midwest states, and $20 billion elsewhere within the nation.
“It positively will change however proper now there’s much more curiosity and exercise taking place within the Southern states, significantly with all these automakers making investments on the EV entrance,” stated Arun Kumar, a managing director within the automotive and industrial apply at AlixPartners.
Southern hospitality
State financial growth officers from Tennessee and Georgia say their states have made the automotive business a precedence due to the provision chain jobs that usually comply with. Additionally they say electrical autos have helped to degree the taking part in subject for brand spanking new investments.
“That is virtually like a seed subject of alternative, as this business modifications as a result of we’re constructing the provision chain in america for electrification from scratch,” stated Pat Wilson, commissioner of Georgia’s financial growth unit. “There’s an enormous quantity of alternative.”
As of July, EV-related initiatives contributed greater than $12.6 billion in investments and greater than 17,800 new jobs in Georgia since 2020, officers stated.
Tennessee studies automotive corporations have added greater than 43,800 new jobs and invested $16.5 billion in non-public capital within the state since 2012, representing almost 30% of personal capital investments throughout that point.
Nissan’s Smyrna Car Meeting Plant opened in 1983, marking Tennessee’s first main auto facility. The plant employs greater than 7,000 persons are produces a wide range of autos, together with the Leaf EV and Rogue crossover.
Michael Wayland / CNBC
With billions of {dollars} on the road and tens of 1000’s of recent jobs, states have provided huge incentive packages for the businesses within the types of land, tax abatements/incentives and different help reminiscent of set up of utilities and roadways.
For instance, Tennessee permitted an $884 million incentive package deal for Ford’s plans to spend $5.6 billion within the state, in addition to in-kind companies and a $2 million grant for coaching companies. Ford’s investment includes a new electric truck plant and battery facility with supplier South Korea-based SK Innovation.
Bob Rolfe, who oversees The Volunteer State’s economic development, said such actions are needed to compete with others. He said to attract Ford last year the state spent years accumulating enough land for an “electric vehicle mega site” ahead of securing the automaker’s commitment.
“We tell our team every day to continue to recruit. Is enough, enough?” Lewis said ahead of a trip to Japan for automotive recruitment in June. “The more great companies that call Tennessee home, the softer the landing when we do hit the next wind shear that’s going to be developed around the next recession.”
Unique issues
But not all agree that the automotive industry should be expanding South into rural areas. Rivian has faced notable pushback since announcing plans last year to build a $5 billion plant about 45 miles east of Atlanta, Georgia.
While hailed by many politicians, including Gov. Brian Kemp, local news outlets report residents of the rural area are concerned with how it will impact their community. Others, including politicians, oppose a $1.5 billion in tax breaks and other incentives that state and local officials have offered Rivian.
Haynes Haven is a historic landmark in Spring Hill, Tennessee that has been maintained by GM since the automaker built an assembly plant near the site in the 1980s.
“[Union Army General] Sherman and his troops destroyed our community. Now this supposedly green company is coming to destroy it again,” JoEllen Artz told NBC News in May. Artz is president of the grassroots No2Rivian group, which says it has raised over $250,000 and hired Atlanta lawyers to fight the plant. “We want to keep it just like it is.”
Building massive assembly plants in traditionally rural areas can also involve a unique set of challenges.
Decades ago, when GM was building its Spring Hill plant, the company unearthed an unmarked slave graveyard. GM paid for the remains to be moved to a nearby burial site.
“When we invest in properties, we’re also investing in communities, their history and culture,” GM said in an emailed statement to CNBC. “With any building or renovation project, we expect to encounter the unexpected, and we try to work with community members to find solutions to fit the unique needs of each situation. In many cases, like in Spring Hill, the unexpected finds become intertwined in our own history, as well.”
It wasn’t the first time GM has operated around such a site. On the property of its Detroit-Hamtramck plant, there’s an active Jewish graveyard that the company agreed to build around when it built the plant in the 1980s.
There was reportedly another cemetery moved in Smyrna, Tennessee – located about 28 miles northeast of Spring Hill – when Nissan’s plant and railroads were built there in the early 1980s.
GM maintained and updated a historic plantation in Spring Hill, Tenn. called Rippavilla as part of a deal for land to build an assembly plant in the city in the 1980s.
Michael Wayland / CNBC
Since GM’s Spring Hill Assembly plant was built, the company also has maintained two historic plantations as part of land deals struck during the construction. It still maintains one called Haynes Haven, whose historic horse stables were turned into a welcome center and used for other events. The surrounding area is currently being used for employee parking during construction of the company’s new $2.3 billion battery plant, next to the original plant.
The other site, called Rippavilla, sits across the street from the plant and was donated by the company to the city in 2016. It is now being run by a nonprofit organization, The Battle of Franklin Trust, committed to Civil War preservation and education.
“The last people that owned Rippavilla were pretty insistent that they wanted it to be a historic site. They did not want to happen to what happened to Haynes Haven, which Haven is owned by GM and able to use however they see fit,” said Eric Jacobson, CEO of the organization.
Jacobson credits GM with saving and maintaining the site in the form of $100,000 a year up until 2016, when a 10-year deal to maintain the property ended. GM said it continues to support the site.
Battling the union
While the automakers may have to navigate battlefields of the South, they don’t have to worry as much about battling unions.
The United Auto Workers has failed to successfully organize a non-Detroit automaker plant in the South, despite decades of attempts. The prominent union also now faces challenges of organizing joint venture battery plants from GM and Ford in the South.
“It’s a very critical time for the UAW,” Ray Curry, president of the union, told CNBC. “This transformation piece is about our future. It’s about 86-plus years of longstanding history.”
Ford’s more than $11.4 billion investment to build new U.S. facilities in Tennessee and Kentucky is expected to create nearly 11,000 jobs to produce electric vehicles and batteries.
Both GM and Ford officials have said the decision of whether to unionize at their U.S. battery plants, which are joint ventures, will be left to the workers.
While the labor cost gap has narrowed between the Detroit automakers and other non-unionized automotive plants, organized labor costs are higher for the companies.
At the end of a current four-year contract between the Detroit automakers and UAW in 2023, the Center for Automotive Research estimates average hourly labor costs per worker will be $71 for GM; $69 for Ford; and $66 for Stellantis, formerly Fiat Chrysler.
“There’s quite a bit of anti-union attitude that prevails in the international carmakers,” said James Rubenstein, a professor emeritus at the University of Miami Ohio, who specializes in the automotive industry. “It’s a little bit easier to do that down South, to keep the union out.”